A Polybius Square is a table that allows someone to convert letters into numbers. To make the encryption little harder, this table can be randomized and shared with the recipient. In order to fit the 26 letters of the alphabet into the 25 cells created by the table, the letters āiā and ājā are usually combined into a single cell. Originally there was no such problem because the ancient greek alphabet has 24 letters.A table of bigger size could be used if a language contain large number of alphabets.
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The Polybius Square is an ancient Greek invention, discovered by a scholar named Polybius. For the Greek alphabet of 24 letters, it consisted of a 5 by 5 grid where each square of the grid was filled by a single letter. In the English Alphabet of 26 letters, we have one too many letters. To get round this we combine two letters, traditionally 'i' and 'j'.
It is also possible to combine other pairs, such as 'v' and 'u'. Another alternative to the Polybius Square for english is to include the digits 0-9, so we have 36 characters.
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